The 6 major types of engineers and what they do

Behind almost every structure, device and innovation we rely on, is an engineer. Engineering is the practical application of science and mathematics to design solutions that improve the way we live and work. From transport systems and communication networks to energy grids and medical technologies, engineers are central to shaping our modern world.

There are many branches of engineering, but six major types form the foundation of the profession. Each requires a distinct blend of technical knowledge and creativity, and each offers rewarding career opportunities.

1. Civil engineering

Civil engineering is one of the oldest and most essential branches of engineering. Civil engineers design, build and maintain the infrastructure that keeps society functioning. This includes bridges, highways, railways, airports, dams, water supply systems and sanitation networks.

Civil engineers may specialise in transportation, structural design or environmental management. Their work ensures that essential services are safe, reliable and sustainable. In South Africa, demand for civil engineers is high due to ongoing infrastructure development and the need to upgrade and improve existing systems.

2. Mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering focuses on the design, production and operation of machines and mechanical systems. It is considered one of the broadest fields of engineering, with roots stretching back to ancient inventions such as the wheel and pulley.

Modern mechanical engineers are behind everything from engines and turbines to elevators, robotics and refrigeration systems. Their work is often centred on improving efficiency, reducing costs and driving innovation in industries such as manufacturing, automotive, energy and aerospace.

3. Chemical engineering

Chemical engineers transform raw materials into useful products by applying principles of chemistry, physics and mathematics. They work across diverse industries including pharmaceuticals, food and beverage production, energy, and environmental management.

From developing life-saving vaccines and antibiotics to creating sustainable materials, chemical engineers play a critical role in addressing global challenges. They are also heavily involved in energy transition projects, such as biofuels and renewable energy solutions.

4. Electrical engineering

Electrical engineering is a relatively young discipline, emerging in the late 19th century alongside pioneers such as Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla. Today, it covers the generation, distribution and application of electrical energy.

Electrical engineers design and maintain systems ranging from power grids and renewable energy technologies to telecommunications, navigation and computing. Their expertise is vital in industries as varied as IT, transport, construction and entertainment.

5. Aerospace and aeronautical engineering

Aerospace and aeronautical engineering is dedicated to designing, testing and operating aircraft and spacecraft. Initially part of mechanical engineering, it has grown into a specialised field that combines precision, safety and advanced technology.

Aerospace engineers may focus on specific products such as commercial planes, helicopters, missiles or satellites. Others specialise in systems like propulsion, navigation or materials science. With growing interest in space exploration and sustainable aviation, this field is expanding fast.

6. Computer and software engineering

As technology advances, computer and software engineering has become increasingly important. This branch merges principles of electrical engineering with computer science to design, build and optimise both hardware and software systems.

• Computer engineering concentrates on hardware and integrated systems.
• Software engineering focuses on developing, testing and maintaining software applications.

Together, these fields drive progress in artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, digital infrastructure and emerging technologies. Computer and software engineers are highly sought-after across sectors, from finance and healthcare to gaming and robotics.

Choosing civil engineering at Emeris

If civil engineering inspires you, Emeris offers a IIE Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering, a professional degree endorsed by the Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA). This qualification prepares graduates to meet the high demand for skilled civil engineers both locally and internationally.

Unlike traditional programmes, our degree introduces students to real-world engineering applications from their first year. By the time they graduate, Emeris students are not only technically proficient but also equipped with the leadership and problem-solving skills needed to succeed. With further experience and professional development, graduates can register as professional engineers and take on senior roles in industry.

Why study engineering at Emeris?

At Emeris, we understand that no two students are alike. That’s why our education model is designed to support individual strengths, learning preferences and career goals. We combine rigorous academic training with hands-on learning to create graduates who are prepared for the challenges of the future.

Engineering is more than a career – it’s about shaping the world we live in. By choosing Emeris, you are choosing an institution that is committed to innovation, excellence and the success of every student.